The Inequality Between The Rich And Poor, And Oppressed

According to socialist’s humans in a state of nature are communal and inherently social, preferring cooperation over competition. It is the society that surrounds it that disrupts this natural instinct in us, it is within the capitalist society where people are in a constant state of competition for our own survival. It is within the capitalist framework we can see the degradation of mankind, the inequality between the rich and poor, and inherent discrimination. Throughout the history of humankind, production is the very essence in which societies form and gather. It is within the means of production were people can thrive, advance and excel the standard of life. People have created social and political structures to control and maintain†¦show more content†¦The second is the social relations of production, this state that society revolves around their respective means of production. Social relations of production dictates that people will socially organize to extract material, thereby creating social structure. This social structure can be observed in any form of society either be it agrarian or industrial. As civilization advances through time the social structure becomes more diverse and complex and begins to fracture into classes. Such classes began to deviate from on another controlling each aspect of production the most recognizable division, is the division between the elites, and the workers. The elites or bourgeoisie, they are effectively those are in control of the means of production and therefore control the very nature of how society functions, whilst the workers or the proletariat are those who are subjected to the will and control of the few elites. Such control dictates, that the laborers are effectively governed by the elites, such control creates the very understanding of the ideological superstructure. The ideological superstructure is the paradigm in which the elites, implement ideas, either political, religious or economic in which the workers are effectively subjected. The implementation of ideas, the support this powers structure, clouds the consciences of the subjected workers, this false conciseness is what caused the depends upon the superstructure. Workers who are engulfed in falseShow MoreRelatedEssay on Response to Savage Inequalities by Jonathan Kozol934 Words   |  4 PagesResponse to Savage Inequalities by Jonathan Kozol In Savage Inequalities, Jonathan Kozol describes the conditions of several of Americas public schools. Kozol visited schools in neighborhoods and found that there was a wide disparity in the conditions between the schools in the poorest inner-city communities and schools in the wealthier suburban communities. 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The Mass And Class Culture - 900 Words

Our society is allowing opportunities for native individuals of the 19th century to be expressive and develop into their own personal being. The most logical reasoning for this perspective switch is due to mass culture emerging and developing during the 20th century. Cultural studies connect mass culture to the western capitalist society, conveying ideas of a system centered on primarily TV, radio, and cinema. These cultural values and ideas are collected from the exposure of activities, communication media, music and art. Mass culture holds the relationship between an artist and audience and generated by impresarios. Subjects as music, writing, drama, creations, are all created by persons other than the consumers of the culture, which could create a negative image for some. Walker and Soltis mentioned in the Mass or Class Culture case study that many are often displeased with student’s unwillingness to take part in certain subjects like Shakespeare, Beethoven, and Rembrandt. 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Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity. Answer: Introduction Information security is about protecting the information systems of an organization against security related threats. These threats can either occur accidently or could be deliberate with intensions to cause some harm. Irrespective of the presence of intentions, both cause the concerns as they can affect the security posture of an organization. This research would explore both deliberate and accidental threats that can cause harm to an organization considering the case of VIC (Victorian) government. The objective is to explore if the VIC policy is sound enough to help the organization combat these threats or there is a need for improvement in which case, appropriate recommendations would be made on whether the company should keep the security function with itself or outsource the same to an expert organization in security domain. The VIC government uses The Victorian Protective Data Security Framework (VPDSF) to protect their data and systems. This framework identified standards of security, security assurance model, security guidelines, and other supporting resources. The key objective of this security framework is to ensure that security risks to the company are minimized. It explains the process of establishing protection that includes identification of information and its value, identification of risks to data, application of measures for data security, creation of a secure culture in the organization and taking steps to mature the security capabilities of the organization. Security Risks and Concerns High Exposure Risks: Insiders in VIC can take advantages of situations and the access given to them to cause attacks and such risks of attacks have high exposure. This is because internal employees would be well aware of the policies and procedures of the company and its security systems such that before launching any attacks, they would find the work around to cause maximum damage without getting caught [1]. Medium Exposure Risks: When information of data is leaked to unauthorized personnel, it can be a medium exposure risk as it would affect the integrity of the organization and its system and can also cause data modifications during transit. Medium-Low Exposure Risks: Certain risks can result into damage of the properties of information that may be sensitive or confidential. Legal policies can help in such cases but such attacks can cause further attacks or risks related to regulatory and legal compliances. However, the likelihood that such things would happen is not high. Low Exposure Risks: Because of large number of people working in the same organization, human errors that can cause operational or technical issues can occur but they are not easily identified. Yet it can cause severe damages if the roll back does not happen on time[2]. Comparative analysis of Threats Security Threats are either deliberate that are used for causing a harm or can be caused accidently because of ignorance or a mistake. Accidental threats can be: Natural calamities causing physical infrastructure damages resulting into data loss such as happening in the cases of cyclones, earthquake, hurricanes, and tornadoes Breakdown in hardware can cause technical failures Human errors or mistakes can cause harm to the security of organization such as caused in the cases of device loss, opening of unknown emails, tampering with security levels of machines, and downloading of unsafe files. Social Engineering is another way that can affect security. It may only be used for tricking someone into giving away confidential personal information but when this information is leaked to wrong people, it can pose serious risks to the security of the person whose data is obtained(AlKalbani, et al., 2015). There are several ways in which either the accidental threats are avoided or their negative impacts are reduced through mitigation such as: The critical data of an organization can be continuously monitored to check if any changes are being made in the data. At this point, permissions can be used such that the modification in the data is only allowed to designated people who are responsible for managing data. All the company prints should be shredded before disposing if they contain confidential business information to ensure that the data does not reach the wrong person who can misuse it. People performing different functions in an organization may be provided with different access rights to information. A programmer may only be given access to the front end and not the storage systems of the company. Every piece of data that gets exchanged over the internet from the company must be encrypted such that it can only be read by the intended receiver of the message (S, 2016) IT auditors can perform checks on the security systems of the company to ensure that they are up to the mark and in case, they are not suggestions can be made by the auditor for improvement. Transaction logs containing the information of use of data can help company keep a check on users which would help in identification of any Deliberate Threats are caused by threat agents who intend to cause harm to an organization. Some examples of such deliberate attacks include denial of service attacks, espionage, extortion, espionage, data breach, phishing, spamming, keylogging, malware, virus, spyware, worms, and so on. To assess the level of risk that each type of threats can cause the company, a Risk rating model, which assesses the likelihood of the risk occurrence and their impacts on security posture of the company, can be used. Specific steps that would be followed in the process include identification of risks, estimation of probability of occurrence, estimation of impact levels, determination of risk severity, identification and analysis of loopholes to fix and customization of the risk model based on analysis(Brey, 2007). Risk Identification: The first step in the process is identification of security risks for the Victorian government, and these include: Technology Obsolescence Network failure Network errors Power failure Hardware failure Hardware errors Faulty planning User Errors Technical Failures Operational problems (ESET, 2016) Communication interception Repudiation Sabotage Incomplete data Missing data Data theft Equipment Theft Social Engineering Infiltration Espionage (CGI, 2013) Misuse of resources Unauthorized communication Quality deviations Financial Fraud Intellectual property compromise Environmental Threats Natural Disasters Terrorism (Shahri Ismail, 2012) The next step is to estimate the likelihood of the occurrence of each risk that is identified in the previous step. There can be some agent factors and some vulnerability factors that would be used here for estimating this likelihood by giving each the likelihood rating from 0 to 9. Agent factors can include skill level of attackers, attack motive, resource requirements of attacker, and the size of the attackers group. Vulnerability factors can be ease of vulnerability discovery, awareness in the attacker group about the vulnerability, and the probability of detection of the attack if made(CenturyLink Solutions Consulting, 2014). Once the threat likelihood is estimated, the resulting impacts would be rated between 0 and 9. Some impact factors can be technical such as accountability, availability, confidentiality, and integrity, or business specific such as financial loss, reputation damage, non-compliance issues, and privacy violations(Engine Yard, Inc., 2014). The risk likelihood and its impact factors rating are multiplied for each risk to find out the severity of risk from low, medium, high to critical. Risks can then be categorized based on the rating of severity such that priority can be given to each while taking decisions for resolution(Chen Zhao, 2012). Risk severity is: Low, when probability of occurrence is medium and the level of impact is low and when likelihood is low but impact is medium. Medium, when probability of occurrence is Low and the level of impact is High, when both are medium and when likelihood is high but impact is low. High, when probability of occurrence is medium and the level of impact is high and when probability of occurrence is high but the level of impact is medium. Critical, when both probability of occurrence and the level of impact are high then the risk can be considered as critical(Gopinath, 2011). These risks are given priorities from critical to low in the same sequence while taking decisions for resolution. If these risks are assessed for the Victorian Government then factors that may not have been considered in the security framework of VIC can be added or improvements can be made with risks identified in the process. The table shows the risk calculation for all risk factors and an overall risk rating is given to identified risks based on each probability factor as discussed earlier for the VIC government. The table above identifies each risk from critical, high risk, medium level and low level risks. Espionage, resource misuse, IP compromise and missing data are seen as high level of risk while quality deviation is critical for VIC. Certain risks were found to be low on severity such as sabotage, environmental threats and repudiation. This could be due to the fact that the damage can occur only in selective cases such as data warehouse damage in the case of natural calamity, reputation resulting from sabotage of users, issues affecting security posture due to repudiation, and so on(TrustSphere, 2012). In most of these cases, mitigation is easy such as use of Disaster recovery to retrieve data in case of physical damage. Thus, with low level risks, there would not be a major impact on the security posture of the VIC government(Shahri Ismail, 2012). Challenges of security/risk management approach VIC government can either manage its risks on its own by establishing internal department for Risk management or with established governance procedures and policies or can outsource the operations to an external security expert allowing them to manage security systems of the company. Most organizations had their own security systems implemented in earlier days but in the past decades, companies have started to outsource their security management processes to third party security management contractors for two primary reasons that include(MYOB, 2016): Because of increasing competition between different organizations across markets, it is essential for companies to focus more on their core work which is why non-core activities are often outsourced to some third party solution provider. As security is also a non-core process, it is outsourced by organizations to external parties to save on the internal costs and resources that would otherwise be used if security is handled internally(Hu, et al., 2007). Cost of establishing, maintaining and updating security systems has drastically increases over the years with increasing threats and upcoming new technologies. However, the third party companies provide the same systems to multiple companies on a large scale which saves them costs per organization and this benefit can be used by companies when security processes are outsourced(Chen, et al., 2004). There are many challenges that companies can face when managing security in either case and thus, taking decision on whether to outsource security is very critical. An organization outsourcing security would have less control over its security systems and thus, it is essential that the security agency is both trustworthy and competent for which an extensive background check is needed to be done before taking a decision to outsource. Outsourcing can help an organization enhance its security posture in various ways such as the following(HP Enterprise, 2015): The overheads of the company that are incurred in managing office, its systems and operations are reduced. The productivity of the team managing security processes is high as it is the core function of the outsourcing organization The security agency would have more experience and resources for applying best security management practices through professional training and thus, it would be advantageous for the company. Some security related processes like screening and hiring of professionals, payroll management, monitoring and tracking would be offloaded to the security agency thereby saving efforts, time and resources for the company. The outsourcing agency can be more flexible in changing the companys security posture based on the requirements of the business(MYOB, 2016). When the system is outsourced, the liabilities of managing risks would get shared such that responsibility of finding solutions to problems would be combined Organizations can leverage on the resources, experience and expertise of security agencies to get the best management practices. The cost of establishing and managing security department would be eliminated as the security agency can make use of their own established infrastructure for managing security for the organization(MYOB, 2016) Risk and Uncertainty Uncertainty is an outcome which cannot be predicted or controlled and pose the risk when an action or a series of actions occur in the situation. Risk is that situation in which a loss can occur because of an outcome resulting from an uncertainty. The two can be compared on the basis of several criterias mentioned in the table below: Basis of comparison Uncertainty Risk Meaning It is situation in which outcome cannot be predicted or controlled It is the probability that the outcome of a given situation would cause a loss Outcome Unknown Known Probabilities Assigned Not assigned Ascertainment Cannot measure it Can measure it Minimization No Yes Control Uncertain situation cannot be controlled Risk can be controlled(Xero, 2016) Some risks are systematic such as inflation or market risks while others are unsystematic like financial loss or business slow down(NIST, 2014). Riskcontrol and mitigation VIC government makes use of its security data framework risk control and mitigation. The framework is used to identify preventive measures for controlling these risks through the given guidelines in the framework document. These guidelines include security protocols related to: Analysis of the evolving risks in the security of the information systems Identification of the security updates required for improving the security framework Maintenance of a risk register for recording various types of risks including their entry, monitoring and review. Implementation of security systems and strategies as defined in the procedures and policies of the security framework such as access management, business continuity management, personnel management, service agreements, physical management and ICT management(Cisco, 2013) Security functions incorporation within the routine functions or activities of the organization Ensuring meeting of obligations concerning organization security by everyone working in the organization Reviewing changing security needs of the company and identifying possibilities for improving the security policies accordingly (OECD, 2008). Spread awareness of security aspects in the company and give training to people to ensure that they follow security protocols. Monitoring and reviewing incident management system so as to identify needs for improvement and implementing the same Conducting annual security compliance review to ensure that right practices are bring followed (DHS, 2009) The risk response and mitigation mechanisms are decided based on the level of severity of the risk. Risks that are critical to the company or have high severity are avoided in most cases or taken for resolution or mitigation on priority if they occur. In case of VIC, the deviation from quality is considered as a critical case of risk and thus, organization needs to have quality checks and ensure that quality standards are always met. High risk categories identified for VIC included Espionage, resource misuse, IP compromise and missing data. In each of these cases, actions have to be taken on priority for resolution or mitigation. Risks with medium level of severity may be reduced with appropriate mitigation plan that would reduce the impact caused by the risks such that the security posture of the company could be maintained. Low severity risks are mostly avoided as they can be accepted without any major threats to the organization but their resolution can take significant resources of the organization(Security Awareness Program Special Interest Group, 2014). Recommendations Based on the findings from the current studies on risks and uncertainties likely to be encountered by VIC, some recommendations can be made that would be useful for enhancing the VIC security posture and these include: VIC may ooutsource its risk management operation to a security expert third party service provided as it could save on the costs for the company as well as enhance the security posture with best practices applied by the expert organization for security. Training may be given to the staff on the security risks and possible control measures such that they work in a way that reduces security risks that the company can otherwise encounter in the case of lack of awareness in employees. The security systems should be kept updated with eh latest technologies and strategies that can be used for combating threats which is possible with regular audits conducted on security systems of the company as they would reveal the security gaps that are required to be filled. A risk register can be maintained by the company to record the risks occurring, the measures taken for mitigation as well as possible risks that can occur such that actions for solving problems can be taken faster. There are multiple factors that can together add to the severity of a risk and thus, every risk may be rated on all these factors to identify the risk severity and develop priorities accordingly. High and medium level risks may be avoided altogether but if they still occur, the company can deal with them on priority using the pre-decided mitigation measures during the analysis stage. A culture supporting secure practices must be fostered in the company by ensuring that security consideration are added in standard operating procedures for every activity of the company such that either the risks are avoided or are mitigated safely. Conclusion This paper explored the concept of security, uncertainity and risks using a real case study of VIC government that has implemented a security framework in the organization. The paper explored if the security framework was sufficiently addressing all the security concerns of the organization. Various tiles of risks including deliberate and accidental risks that are faced by VIC were explored to identify the levels of severities using a risk rating methodology. It was found that quality deviation was considered as the critical risks for the organization while Espionage, resource misuse, IP compromise and missing data were found as high on the level of risk severity. This rating was decided on the basis of multiple factors that included agent factors such as skill, level of motivation, opportunities and size of the group exploiting vulnerabilities, vulnerability factors such as the ease of discovery of vulnerability, user knowledge, and capabilities of the organization to detect intrusi on. There were also certain impact factors identified such as technical factors like availability, confidentiality, accountability, and integrity, as well as some business factors like financial loss, reputation damages, privacy violation and non-compliance of security procedures. Based on the study, certain recommendations were made to enhance e VIC security posture such as security outsourcing to third party, training on security aspects to employees, and embedding of the security aspects in standard operating procedures. References AlKalbani, A., Deng, H. Kam, B., 2015. ORGANISATIONAL SECURITY CULTURE AND INFORMATION SECURITY COMPLIANCE FOR E-GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT: THE MODERATING EFFECT OF SOCIAL PRESSURE, s.l.: RMIT University. Brey, P., 2007. Ethical Aspects of Information Security and Privacy, s.l.: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. CenturyLink Solutions Consulting, 2014. CenturyLink Assessments: seCurity,infrAstruCture And disAster reCovery, s.l.: CenturyLink Technology Solutions. CGI, 2013. Developing a Framework to Improve Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity, s.l.: CGI. Chen, D. Zhao, H., 2012. Data Security and Privacy Protection Issues in Cloud Computing. Shenyang, China, International Conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering. Chen, L.-C., Longstaff, T. A. Carley, K. M., 2004. THE ECONOMIC INCENTIVES OF PROVIDING NETWORK SECURITY SERVICES ON THE INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE, s.l.: Carnegie Mellon University . Cisco, 2013. Australian Government Cyber Security Review, s.l.: Cisco. DHS, 2009. A Roadmap for Cybersecurity Research, s.l.: DHS. Engine Yard, Inc., 2014. Security, Risk, and Compliance, s.l.: Engine Yard. ESET, 2016. TRENDS 2016 (IN) SECURITY EVERYWHERE, s.l.: ESET. Gopinath, S., 2011. Working Group on Information Security, Electronic Banking, Technology Risk Management and Cyber Frauds, Mumbai: Reserve Bank of India . HP Enterprise, 2015. Cybersecurity Challenges, Risks, Trends, and Impacts: Survey Findings, s.l.: MIT. Hu, Q., Hart, P. Cooke, D., 2007. on information systems security a on information systems security a neo-institutional perspective. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Volume 16, p. 153172. IBM Global Technology Services , 2011. Security and high availability in cloud computing environments, s.l.: IBM Corporation. ISC, 2010. The Pursuit of Integrity, Honor and Trust in Information Security, s.l.: ISC. James, C., 2016. Cyber Security Threats, Challenges and Opportunities, s.l.: ACS. JIRA Security and Privacy Committee (SPC) , 2007. Information Security Risk Management for Healthcare Systems , s.l.: MITA (Medical Imaging Technology Alliance) . Khan, R. Wanner, R., 2010. Practical Approaches to Organizational Information Security Management, s.l.: SANS Institute. MYOB, 2016. Company file security. [Online] Available at: https://help.myob.com/wiki/display/ar/Company+file+security MYOB, 2016. Protecting your confidential information. [Online] Available at: https://myob.com.au/myob/australia/myob-security-recommendations-1257829253909 NIST, 2014. Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity, s.l.: National Institute of Standards and Technology. OECD, 2008. Malicious Software (Malware): A security Threat to Internet Economy, s.l.: OECD. Security Awareness Program Special Interest Group, 2014. Best Practices for Implementing a Security Awareness Program, s.l.: PCI. Shahri, A. B. Ismail, Z., 2012. A Tree Model for Identification of Threats as the First Stage of Risk Assessment in HIS. Journal of Information Security, Volume 3, pp. 169-176 . S, S., 2016. Difference Between Risk and Uncertainty, s.l.: Keydifferences. TrustSphere, 2012. Advanced Security Methods for eFraud and Messaging, s.l.: TrustSphere. Xero, 2016. Your data is safe with multiple layers of security. [Online] Available at: https://www.xero.com/accounting-software/security/

Jupiter Essays - Moons Of Jupiter, Spacecraft, Jupiter,

Jupiter Jupiter contains 2/3 of the planetary mass of the solar system. Its interior pressure may reach 00 million times the surface pressure on earth. It has 16 moons, a ring system and an immense, complex atmosphere. Jupiter's distance from the sun is 778.3 million kilometers. Its period of revolution is 11.86 earth years or 1 Jovian year. The equatorial diameter is 143,200 kilometers. Jupiter's atmosphere's main components are hydrogen and Helium. The names of the 16 moons on Jupiter are Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, Thebe, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callista, Leda, Himalia, Lysithea, Elara, Ananke, Carme, Pasiphae and Sinope. There is one ring around Jupiter which is composed of 3 bands which are dark and made of impact debris. Galileo discovered 4 of Jupiter's moons in 1610. The Pioneer 10 took cloudtops and moon images from 130,354 kilometers aaway in 1973. Pioneer 11 passed within 43,000 kilometers of Jupiter and took the first images of the polar regions in 1974. The Voyager 1 passed within 350,000 kilometers and discovered a faint ring and 3 more moons in 1979. In the same year, Voyager 2 passed within 650,000 kilometers and provided detailed imagery of the Jovian ring and Io volcanism. In 1989,Galileo spacecraft launched to arrive in Jupiter in 1995.

Free Essays on The Franco-American Alliance

France aided the colonists greatly in the American Revolution, especially with providing a source for weaponry and assisting their weak militia. As a result, America was able to defeat Britain’s strong military. Without the help of France, America would have perished and would have not gained independence from Britain. Out of spite especially, France provided the help, support and materials needed to triumph over the British and earn freedom for the new country, America. France had sent supplies to America as early as 1775 (â€Å"Silas Deane’s Mission†). However, America needed to secure a formal alliance with France and began by sponsoring a trip of Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee (â€Å"Benjamin Franklin in France†). In spite of this, France was still unsure of creating a union with the undeveloped country. The Battle of Saratoga in 1777 marked an important victory for General Washington and his disjointed army. However, the foolish but clever war hero realized that the war could not be won without outside help. Luckily, the French were able and willing, and were prepared to confront their former battle foe again. France saw the opportunity to weaken its rival and restore balance of power between the two countries (â€Å"France Allied with†¦ 1778†). Once France had seen the dedication to victory and the aspiration for independence, America’s desire to form an alliance with France was formally achieved. On February 6, 1778, Treaty of Amity and Commerce was signed between France and America. The Treaty of Amity and Commerce recognized the United States as an independent nation and promoted trade between France and the United States. The Treaty of Alliance created a military coalition against Great Britain, stipulating American independence as a state of peace. The treaty also required France and the U.S. to coincide in any peace agreement (â€Å"The Franco-American Alliance†). This treaty was important, for Ameri... Free Essays on The Franco-American Alliance Free Essays on The Franco-American Alliance France aided the colonists greatly in the American Revolution, especially with providing a source for weaponry and assisting their weak militia. As a result, America was able to defeat Britain’s strong military. Without the help of France, America would have perished and would have not gained independence from Britain. Out of spite especially, France provided the help, support and materials needed to triumph over the British and earn freedom for the new country, America. France had sent supplies to America as early as 1775 (â€Å"Silas Deane’s Mission†). However, America needed to secure a formal alliance with France and began by sponsoring a trip of Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee (â€Å"Benjamin Franklin in France†). In spite of this, France was still unsure of creating a union with the undeveloped country. The Battle of Saratoga in 1777 marked an important victory for General Washington and his disjointed army. However, the foolish but clever war hero realized that the war could not be won without outside help. Luckily, the French were able and willing, and were prepared to confront their former battle foe again. France saw the opportunity to weaken its rival and restore balance of power between the two countries (â€Å"France Allied with†¦ 1778†). Once France had seen the dedication to victory and the aspiration for independence, America’s desire to form an alliance with France was formally achieved. On February 6, 1778, Treaty of Amity and Commerce was signed between France and America. The Treaty of Amity and Commerce recognized the United States as an independent nation and promoted trade between France and the United States. The Treaty of Alliance created a military coalition against Great Britain, stipulating American independence as a state of peace. The treaty also required France and the U.S. to coincide in any peace agreement (â€Å"The Franco-American Alliance†). This treaty was important, for Ameri...

Simple Crier (to Shout) Verb Conjugations in French

Simple Crier (to Shout) Verb Conjugations in French To shout or to scream in French uses the verb  crier. Its an easy one to remember if you remember that you cry out when you scream. Transforming it into the past, present, or future tense requires a verb conjugation and a quick lesson will show you how its done. Conjugating the French Verb  Crier The conjugations of French verbs  are a little complicated. You must, of course, change the ending to match the tense, but theres also a new ending used for each subject pronoun. That means you have more words to commit to memory. The good news is that  crier  is a  regular -ER verb  and it follows a very common verb conjugation pattern. The infinitive endings you see here are the same youll find in conjugations of  crà ©er  (to create),  fà ¢cher  (to make angry), and countless other verbs. To study these conjugations, pair the subject pronoun with the proper tense. For instance, I shout is je crie and we will scream is nous crierons Practicing these in various contexts will help with your memorization. Subject Present Future Imperfect je crie crierai criais tu cries crieras criais il crie criera criait nous crions crierons criions vous criez crierez criiez ils crient crieront criaient The Present Participle of Crier Adding -ant  to the verb stem  cri-  creates the  present participle  criant. This is a verb, of course, though you may also use it as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is another form of the past tense. It requires the  past participle  crià ©, which is attached to the subject pronoun and a conjugation of  avoir  (an  auxiliary, or helping, verb). Putting the passà © composà © together is rather simple: I screamed becomes jai crià © and we shouted is nous avons crià ©. More Simple Crier  Conjugations The subjunctive verb form is used when the action of shouting is questionable, subjective, or uncertain. Similarly, the conditional verb form implies that the action may not happen unless something else happens. Primarily found in literature, you may not use the passà © simple nor the imperfect subjunctive yourself. However, you should be able to recognize them as a form of  crier. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je crie crierais criai criasse tu cries crierais crias criasses il crie crierait cria crit nous criions crierions crimes criassions vous criiez crieriez crites criassiez ils crient crieraient crirent criassent A very useful form of  crier  is the imperative verb form. This is used for exclamations and when using it, you can skip the subject pronoun: use crie rather than tu crie. Imperative (tu) crie (nous) crions (vous) criez

Philosophy and Literature- Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy and Literature- Macbeth - Essay Example Nights Dream one finds that the plays irrevocably revolve around the human failings of the central characters with the protagonist finally succumbing to the fated end of a tragic death. All the Shakespeare’s plays are fast paced and action packed human drama showcasing a sequence of events involving individuals with distinctive qualities which complement but at the same time clash with each other. This inherent inter-play of emotional turmoil helps dramatise the events and frequently hide the serious undertones of the philosophical ideologies of the author. McGuinn, in his book1 examines the various aspects of Shakespeare’s plays which govern the underlined principles of human life overflowing with bad luck and misery. We would be specially looking at Macbeth for the element of bad luck which follows the protagonist relentlessly till the end and subsequently discussing the Shakespearean philosophy of human misery and tragedy that invariably leads to death. The concept of bad luck implies that without this particular element, life would have been better which of course illustrates a fact recognized and often feared by all. Misfortune can befall anyone but the way one reacts and overcomes them becomes the deciding factor for a happy or miserable future of the person. It is equally true that bad luck brings out the hidden characteristics and suppressed desires of the people which are normally denied because they might lead to disastrous end-results. Shakespeare’s understanding of human nature is displayed in his plays which seem to have an uncanny fascination for creating situations that expose these attributes of the persons resulting in utter misery and tragedy. Macbeth is a high voltage drama involving an ambitious hero in a plot that is full of intrigue, murders, betrayal and revenge resulting in violence and tragic death of the hero. The presence of supernatural elements in the form of witches and ghost add that extra ingredient of Machiavellian thrill

Operations Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Operations Management - Assignment Example On the other hand, experimenting with the real world has not only proven to be expensive but is also dangerous and in most cases impossible. The Dry cleaning case study highlights one of the current issues and challenges affecting operations management in most industries. In the case study, the dry cleaner processes two pieces of suites by allowing suites to arrive with exponential time between the arrival times having a mean of G minutes and are at first served by server 1. After the completion of service at server 1, the jacket (one piece of the suite) is expected to go server 2 while the other parts (pants) goes to server 3. However, during the service at sever 2; the probability of the jacket being damaged is 0.05 while at the same time the probability of the pant being damaged at server 3 is 0.10. From server 2, the jackets enter into a queue for server 4 where suit parts are matched and reassembled. Management of waiting lines is a common challenge in operations management. As evidenced in the above case study, service systems normally face a number of problems such long queues of waiting lines due to the complexity and high levels of heterogeneity in the operations management processes (Barnes, 2008). ... rena Modeling in Service Systems Spreadsheet and Arena modeling programs are some of the simulation tools and techniques that are commonly being used to help solve the queuing problems in the contemporary services systems. In operations management, queue systems are not usually possible to analyze using mathematical or analytical formulas. Consequently simulation is currently one of the widely used means of analysis by most operation managers. With regard to the queue problem highlighted in the case study, both the two software tools can effectively be used as viable alternative techniques to experiment and find solutions to the issues affecting the service systems through abstraction. Generally, spreadsheet is currently one of the most accessible modeling tools that can be used for a wide range of applications and problem solutions in operations management. For example, the simulation modeling using spreadsheet can help explore the problems of long waiting lines and queues associate d with the dynamic service systems. In spreadsheet based simulation modeling, the technology used simply involves entering the model inputs into cells and viewing the output in other cells (Winston and Albright, 2007, p.124). In this regard, the input values are linked to the output values through chains of formulas and even scripts. Compared to Arena modeling, both some of the potential advantages of spreadsheet modeling include the fact that it is virtually available on any office computer and is normally very easy to use. Additionally, spreadsheet simulation modeling is relatively extensible particularly when using spreadsheet simulation modeling to solve the queue problem in service systems such as the one highlighted in the above dry cleaning case study. For example, one can easily add

Homework Assignment Essay Example for Free

Homework Assignment Essay 1. Define the process of accounting. Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information about an organization for the purpose of making decisions and informed judgments. 2. What are the three major divisions in the accounting field? Financial, managerial and cost accounting 3. What is the Fundamental Accounting Equation? Assets = Liabilities + Equity 4. What is the purpose of a balance sheet? What are some examples of typical balance sheet accounts? A balance sheet is a summary of financial balances of an organizations assets, liabilities and equity listed on a specific date such as the end of year report. A balance sheet is a snap shot of the company’s financial status 5. What is the purpose of an income statement? What are some examples of typical income statement accounts? An income statement is also known as profit and loss statement is one of the financial statements of a company and shows revenues and expenses during a particular period. An income statement indicates how the revenues are transformed into net income 6. What is the purpose of a statement of cash flows? What are some examples of typical statement of cash flow accounts? A cash flow statement consists of three parts; operating, investing and financing. It is the summary of transactions that affected cash in a particular period. In other words, it si a summary of all the cash payments and the cash receipts that occurred during a month, quarter or year for a business. 7. Based on the financial information below, prepare an income statement and a balance sheet for Joe’s-Fly-by-Night Oil company for the year ended December 31, 2012. Unless otherwise indicated, assume all information below is either for the year 2012 or as of December 31, 2012.

Jack and Simon in Chapter Three of the Lord of the Flies Essay example

Jack and Simon in Chapter Three of the Lord of the Flies In the Lord of the Flies, William Golding makes many contrasts between his symbolic characters. For example in chapter three, 'Huts on the beach', many contrasts and similarities are made between the two characters Jack and Simon. These descriptions give an idea to their personality and feelings. The description of Simon in the jungle, and Jack in the woods highlights many of their differences. Jack is alone and descriptions like, 'with flared nostrils', and 'ape- like' suggest he is behaving like an animal. Jack's appearance is also starting to resemble animals, as his hair has grown, 'longer', and his skin darker with, 'a mess of dark freckles'. Simon's appearance is described similarly to jacks. He has ' a coarse mop of black hair,' which was 'long' Simon on bare feet, like jack and he has dark skin and only wears, 'the remains of shorts'. This shows that both characters do not take much care in their appearance. In this sense, living on the island has effected them both in the same way. Jack has changed in himself by becoming less prim and proper. He has started to swear, become more dirty and tatty, 'streaked with brown earth' and he is wearing only, 'tattered shorts', these factors all show how jack is loosing his inhibitions and that from the start of the book he has changed greatly. The settings of the wood and jungle are quite similar, although the way Golding presents them greatly changed the perception of Jack and Simon. Simon, in the jungle is presented in an attractive way by descriptions like, 'the scent of ripeness' and, 'flower and fruit grow together on the same tree'. When Simon walks past the candle buds, the quote, 'the ... ... but it is evident that he has much wisdom, and says well thought through comments. An example of this is when Jack and Ralph are speaking, and Simon abruptly joins in their conversation by saying, 'as if it was not a good island'. This is meant in a way to try and make Jack and Ralph consider the point. Then he goes on to say, 'as if the beastie, the beastie or the snake- thing was real'. Simon unlike Ralph and Jack, does not find the beastie a threat, and does not seem scared or frightened about it. Jack and Ralph both like having the role as leader, and have a want for power over the lives of the group. Jack says to Ralph, ''you're chief. You tell 'em off', in a harsh tone, showing he is jealous about Ralph being leader. Simon, unlike Jack and Ralph shows no desire to be leader. This reinforces the idea that Simon could be compared to Jesus figure.

One Step to Freedom?

â€Å"100% of the shots you never take, never get in†. In the middle of the arid desert, Colorado. A group of Cypriots and myself among them, crossed through the desert to reach the camping site where we would spend the night. Continuously attacking us, the blazing sun followed our every footstep, as our bodies were melting down like defenceless ice cubes. After a couple of hundreds of metres of walk, my feet started to numb. I was exhausted. My bottle, constantly in my hand, was running out of water. â€Å"Can my day get worse?†, I wondered. What I didn't know was, that these obstacles were nothing compared to the inner conflict I would be going through soon. â€Å"Does anyone want to have a break? Does anyone want to have a swim?†, Michael, our leader asked. Suddenly the feelings of joy and excitement replaced the tiredness and everyone was now smiling; I noticed I was smiling too. Impatiently we all followed Michael. That is when I first came face to face with my own Via Dolorosa. The worst of all is that I was not aware of how difficult it would be for me, that small step I was asked to take, for which I had to grapple hard with my own thoughts and deepest fears which I was not even aware of. How can you fight something you cannot see? Following the flow of my friends and climbing on a small hill, I reached the beginning of my slow and painful torture. I was standing at the edge of a rocky knoll, about three metres above the ground and beneath me, a tiny lake with crystal clear water. I could already picture myself, in the lake, with the cool water fighting off the heat, while my body was enjoying the luxuries of nature. As I lowered my head to face my reflection on the calm surface of the lake, the truth hit me in the face. I will never forget how shocked I was when I realised I was not ready; I couldn't jump; I didn't want to. â€Å"Nicola, are you going to jump or not?†, Shane asked me. The question brought me to my senses like . . . . . . . â€Å"No. Go on. I will go later.†, I replied. While watching them jumping with such comfort, as if it was fun, as if they were enjoying themselves, I felt angry with myself. Why had I stopped? It couldn't be that difficult, after all nobody else seemed to find it challenging, on the contrary they all thought of it as amusing. If they could do it, so could I. All of a sudden I changed my mind. I felt this urge, this push, the desire to jump as well. â€Å"I can do this†, I told myself. Once again I found myself standing at the edge of the hill determined to jump and once again I changed my mind, as my fears came to life; my body froze instantly. It was as if my legs were glued into place, I couldn't move. Out of the blue, the battle started; the battle over which I had no control, the battle which was going on in my head and whose winner would determine my decision. On one side my limiting beliefs and fears joined forces, to stop me from jumping while on the other side my desire to jump was defensively trying to repulse the attack. The damage to the defence lines was unavoidable and since my fears took control over my body, I stepped back instead of going forward. Time was going by so quickly, as I tended to oscillate between the determination of jumping and the fear of falling. Over twenty minutes had passed since my last attempt and I was not looking forward to another one. â€Å"Nicola we will be leaving soon, if you are going to jump, do it now, or else come down so that we can continue.† No! , a voice inside my head screamed. I am not giving up. I am not leaving unless I jump. As these wild thoughts were passing through my head, the sun sank lower. Trying to convince myself that I could do it, I once more stepped at the doorstep of fear. â€Å"You have thirty seconds to jump.† I took a deep breath. â€Å"Come on Nicolas!†, a friend of mine shouted. â€Å"It's only one step!† â€Å"Twenty-nine, twenty-eight . . .† Puzzled as I were, I looked around as if searching for an answer. Suddenly I realised that everyone was staring at me. Was it really only one step? Then what? Freedom? â€Å"Sixteen, fifteen . . .† The countdown continued. â€Å"Hey Nicola, listen to me! Stop thinking so hard. Just jump! It's only one step.† It was of no use. I didn't hear a thing. â€Å"Nine, eight, seven . . .† I looked down at the lake. How could falling equate to freedom? There were fluctuations in my feelings. I couldn't decide. I couldn't even take a small step. â€Å"Three, two, one. Come on Nicolas we are leaving! Come down!† I took a glance at the azure sky as if it was my last one. I took a last deep breath. â€Å"I am coming†, the words burst like bullets out of my mouth. I closed my eyes. I could hear the blood booming in my ears. The cold breeze made me shiver. I found myself trembling like an undersized flower in a furious storm of hesitant feelings and fears. I slowly bent my knees and jumped. Time stopped. My life was passing through my mind like an old black and white movie. I panicked. I didn't want to fall. I regretted jumping. I waved my hands desperately, trying to hold onto something. A rock, a stone anything. Nothing; there was nothing. I wanted to throw up. It was as if air was pushing my stomach up in my chest and out of my mouth. Even today, when I recall the situation and when I picture the whole scene in my mind, the same feelings come up; fear, anxiety, fluctuation, regret. The same feelings which filled me up then, which still do, as if I am there. As if I never left. As if I never jumped. As if it was all for nothing. Although I am not free from my fears, I know it was not for nothing. I took the risk, I took the shot and I ‘m proud of myself. The cheers and the congratulations I received as I came out of the lake, almost made up for the torture I went through. I was still feeling a bit dizzy from the fall so I sat to rest. That is when Michael came and told me: â€Å"100% of the shots you never take, never get in†. Now this quote is one of my favourites. It was actually a quote of Michael Jordan's referring to basketball. When I first heard it, I didn't really understand what it meant, but after thinking about it, I became aware of its true meaning. It means that if someone does not dare to shoot the ball, because it may not go in the basket, he will never score. â€Å"It's risky not taking risks† a wise man said. In the middle of the arid desert, Colorado, I took the risk. I jumped. I may have not been freed from my fears but I learned my lesson. This experience shaped me into who I am today. A man who is not afraid of taking risks, and making steps beyond the limits of fears and limiting beliefs.

Linear and Circular Model of Communication Essay

â€Å"Any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person, information about that person’s needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional, may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or nonlinguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes.† In light of the above definition of communication, the success of the Linear and Circular model of communication is dependent upon how successful the message is transmitted and if there is a desired effect on the person that is addressed in the communication process. Aristotle’s model of communication came to the conclusion that the last person in the communication chain; the receiver holds the key to whether or not proper communication has taken place. In Shannon and Weavers 1949 model of communication the communication process is described as a one way linear process in which the speaker speaks and the listener listens, when she takes the variable of noise or interference or any distorting measures into place in her equation we can see that the linear model cannot work. If distortions do happen within the transmission process and information is not transmitted accurately both Aristotle and Lasswell theory is infringed upon as in the case of Lasswell the desired effect would not be achieved or with Aristotle the whole process falls apart because the proper message is not transmitted to the person that is being addressed. The main flaw of the linear model therefore is where communication is depicted as a one way process where speakers only speak and never listen and this implies that listeners listen and never speak or send messages Schramm 1955 and Wood 2009 sought to overcome the non-relevance of this theory in the evolving world of communication by developing the interactive model of communication, this model saw the receiver or listender providing feedbacks to the sender or speaker. The speaker or sender of the message also listens to the feedback given by the receiver or listener and both the speaker and listener take turns to speak and listen to each other. This feedback is given either verbally or non-verbally of in both ways. This model which bears more realistic appeal to a real life like structure is not substantially different from the circular model of communication as it also depicts communication as a dynamic process in which both the participants are actively engaged in encoding, transmitting, receiving and decoding messages. Providing an example on the applicability of this in the modern era of communication we can take the example of a press conference conducted by a firm in the face of some scandal that the firm is facing. If we were to follow the linear model of communication, the person conducting the conference would say all that he or she has to say, taking Shannon and Weaver’s variable of interupptions out of the equation we can still see that this situation is not a perfect example of communication for many reasons. First the delivery of a point maynot have been put into proper words and there the people in attendance at the conference would not get the correct point as there would be no way for them to clarify from the spokeperson what they mean. Secondly everything about the situation may not have been dealt with and there is no way that the attendants can enquire fromt he spokesperson if everything is addressed. Finally there may be an observation from the attendants about the issue that may significantly change the course of communcation but thay observation cannot be told to the spokeperson because of the rigidity of the linear model of communication. The transactional model which bears no substantial differene to the circular model of communication drove the final nails in the coffin to the linear model of communication. This model was later developed to dea with the major drambacks in the interactive model, drawbacks which included inability to indiacted that communicators can both send and receive messages simultaneously and that failure to show that communication is a dynamic process which changes over time. There are three implications of the transactional model that shows that the rigidities of the linear model is not very practical to effective real life communication. Firstly communication is an ongoing and continuously changing process, you are changing, the people with who you are communication are changing and your environment is also continually changing, secondly in an transactional process, each element exists in relation to all the other elements, there is an interdependence where there can be no source without a receiver and no message wihtou a source, finally each person in the communication process reacts depending on factors such as their background, prior experience, attitydes cultural beliefs and self esteem. From the above we can deduct that â€Å"Communication is not linear, but circular† the rigidities of the linear theory which makes it inflexible demonstrates that. Various works also by The linear model bases its success that there is a clear cut beginning and end to communication and there is no feedback from the receiver. Basing our analysis of circular and linear communication in a business environment

craigslist killer Essays

craigslist killer Essays craigslist killer Essay craigslist killer Essay Below is a free essay on The Craigslist Killer from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. As America shifts into a technological age, practically every aspect of our daily lives is influenced by technology. This influence has extended to the way crimes are committed, as evidenced clearly by a murderer known as The Craigslist Killer. A medical student at Boston University named Philip Markoff is alleged to have committed the crimes attributed to this killer. The Background of Philip Markoff Born on February 12, 1986 in Sherrill, New York, Philip Haynes Markoffwas born to parents who quickly divorced. He was raised as a Catholic by his mother and step- father while his biological father resided in Syracuse, New York as a dentist with his second wife. His mother was a homemaker until her second divorce, when she took a Job at Turning Stone Casino to support Markoff, his biological brother and his half- sister. During his high school years, he excelled in both academics and xtracurricular activities, participating in National Honor Society, the History Club, the Youth Court, and the bowling team. Teammates that Markoff bowled with reports that Markoff enjoyed to bet on games almost as much as he enjoyed playing in them, but this was the only slightly negative thing to be said about him. Teachers describe him as a good, hardworking, intelligent student. His dedication to his schoolwork never faded as he entered SUNY Albany as a pre-med student. Markoff graduated in a mere three years summa cum laude and went on to attend med school at Boston University School of Medicine where he was a second year student at the time of his alleged crimes. During his time at SUNY Albany, Markoff volunteered at Albany Medical Center Hospital, primarily in the emergency room. It was while volunteering that he met his fianc? ©e, Megan McAllister. Recreationally during this time, Markoff continued his gambling habit, furthering it to the point that he was playing poker nearly every weekend all night. He could not stand to lose and refused to walk away anything

3 Cases of Intrusive Punctuation Before a Quotation

3 Cases of Intrusive Punctuation Before a Quotation 3 Cases of Intrusive Punctuation Before a Quotation 3 Cases of Intrusive Punctuation Before a Quotation By Mark Nichol When an introductory or attributive phrase ending in a verb precedes one or more complete sentences enclosed in quotation marks to express something written or said, a comma separates the phrase from the quotation- for example, â€Å"The conventional wisdom is, ‘Trust, but verify,’† or â€Å"I replied, ‘Go for it.’† But if the quotation is incomplete or is complete but is incorporated into the syntactical flow of the sentence, generally, no punctuation should intervene, as explained in the discussions and shown in the revisions following each example below. 1. The reporter who wrote both articles said that, â€Å"the company never asked for a correction.† When a sentence ends in a partial quotation and is syntactically structured so that the quotation is grammatically integrated into the sentence, no intervening punctuation (and no initial capitalization) is necessary: â€Å"The reporter who wrote both articles said that ‘the company never asked for a correction.’† (Alternatively, the sentence can be revised to consist of an attributive phrase followed by a quotation consisting of one or more complete sentences: The reporter who wrote both articles said, â€Å"The company never asked for a correction.†) An exception to the no-punctuation rule is if the punctuation is grammatically required- for example, because of an intervening parenthesis, as in â€Å"The reporter who wrote both articles said that, as far as he knows, ‘the company never asked for a correction.’† (In this case, the implied quotation, though the person of course did not literally say as far as he knows, starts with that phrase.) 2. The magazine famously dubbed the 2003 flick, â€Å"The Citizen Kane of bad movies.† The phrase preceding the quotation is not attributive, and as in the previous example, the entire sentence constitutes a grammatically complete statement, so the comma is intrusive: â€Å"The magazine famously dubbed the 2003 flick â€Å"the Citizen Kane of bad movies.† (Again, note that because the quotation is a partial sentence, the first word should not be capitalized.) 3. Such cases leave us shaking our heads and asking the rhetorical question, â€Å"What were they thinking?† This sentence suffers from the same obstructive punctuation, with the additional fault of implying, by setting â€Å"rhetorical question† off from the question with a comma, that the sentence is restrictive- that the question is not a rhetorical question but the rhetorical question: â€Å"Such cases leave us shaking our heads and asking the rhetorical question ‘What were they thinking?’† (Alternatively, simply omit the extraneous phrase and write, â€Å"Such cases leave us shaking our heads and asking, ‘What were they thinking?’†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowDoes "Mr" Take a Period?45 Idioms with "Roll"

The Problem of Authority in the Continental Reformers Assignment

The Problem of Authority in the Continental Reformers - Assignment Example Luther's detestations towards the power of the Catholic Church and the' legitimacy of the Pope's indulgences, for instance, were marked by the dictates of his belief in political realism which was coupled with the 'ethical consequences of his doctrines' (Davies 37. Scholars contend that Luther was an 'accomplished theologian politician' whose struggles were 'inner' and spiritual yet, he likewise took controversial political stands in order to defend his goals of religious reformation. This clearly depicts Luther's ambivalent position on religion and politics. Luther asserted that men needed the restrictions that laws provide and advocated absolute obedience to authority while upholding spiritual freedom (New 34). This contention on absolute obedience is dubious since Luther decried the same absolutism brought about by the 'indulgences' of the Pope. Furthermore, his overly passionate stance on the foreigners' exploitation of Germany evoked hostile resentment against the foreigners, as well as patriotism and indignation from the Germans (New 35). For many liberals and humanists in that period, Luther's type of reformation was fundamental - overly passionate and almost bordering on rebellion. John Calvin employed the same kind of radicalism in order to alter the political and social environments of his day. Fashioning social and political organizations completely from biblical principles, Calvin impressed on the people of Geneva, a very stringent moral system obtained from a literal reading of the Bible. These new impositions went through protestations as the people believed that they successfully dislodged the Papacy only to be disappointed by the experience of a similar form of the papacy with Calvin at the helm. Calvin's innovative political philosophy and social reforms had brought about a radical transformation in Europe. Zwingli, as compared Luther and Calvin who discussed various theologies in their writings and arguments, opted for a unified theme. Nevertheless, Zwingli tackled an analogous fundamental movement in the form of a very stringent Protestantism in which the Gospel was almost treated as a law (Bromiley 121). Zwingli's contribution to the social life of his generation cannot be discounted as his teachings became the foundation of social and organizational principles of the fundamentalist Protestants and the Puritans which later became the basis of the political and social structures of the English colonies in the United States. Zwingli's ideas were so pervasive that up until this day, the principles of a social organization still persist. Hence, Zwingli's reformation movement can be characterized as rather revolutionary and political as observed in his preoccupation with both clerical and secular politics (Bromiley 128).

Explain the impact of information technology on the criminal justice Essay

Explain the impact of information technology on the criminal justice system - Essay Example Technical administrative safety /security measures like that security plans, actions, and procedures are the generally practices for the organizational information security procedures. Attentiveness of building actions are concerned by the organizations to a substantially smaller level, on the other hand at the same time these are weighed up as being further efficient organizational actions than technical administrative ones. Information security encompasses organizational features, officially authorized aspects, institutionalization and applications of most excellent practices in addition to security technologies (Laudon & Laudon, 1999). Augmenting power of information technology and computing as well as progresses in data communication and user-friendly GUI (graphical user interface) present criminal justice and law enforcement agency by means of extraordinary capability to get together, inspect, store as well as distribute information and data that is gathered about any case or criminal activity by stakeholders surrounded by as well as outside of administration and criminal justice system (Peterson, 2009). The accomplishment of the information technology for criminal justice system presents enormous benefits like that at the present time we have a technology-driven working atmosphere, rapid and reliable commutation means, fast detection system, these all systems merge to form a very strong criminal justice system. Criminal justice systems have been improved through growing the ability to store as well as process huge amount of data about crimes and associated events. There is enhanced investigative and intelligenc e facility through information technology. They have rapid and on spot right to use to criminal records as well as additional types of appropriate data regarding criminal justice (Peterson, 2009). For criminal justice a policy determined vital to convene the needs of modern and up-to-date shapes of

CIPD Level 5 Assessment - 5MDN Meeting Organisational Development Assignment

CIPD Level 5 Assessment - 5MDN Meeting Organisational Development Needs - Assignment Example CIPD Level 5 Assessment - 5MDN Meeting Organisational Development Needs Two learning interventions will be chosen for this study, beneficial for accomplishing set goals or objectives. Justification of methods would be provided along with reasons for eradicating other alternatives. Learning intervention design shall also be incorporated in the study that could effectively meet learning and development needs. Learning and development needs are an important component which helps in improving overall organizational performance. Tesco Plc is a multinational general merchandize and grocery retailer having its headquarters in United Kingdom. On the basis of revenue margins, the firm is the second largest retailer across the globe. Tesco has about 6784 retail stores and has an employee base of approximately 500,000. There are some business subsidiaries of Tesco Plc such as Tesco Stores, Tesco Bank, Tesco Mobile, Dobbies Garden Centers, Tesco Ireland, Dunnhumby and Giraffe restaurants. The company has diversified into wide array of geographical regions. Learning and development strategy is adopted by the company and is inclined towards enhancing knowledge base and skills of employees. Training sessions are organized for employees in specific time interval. Employee retention policies are based on career development approach, performance based pay and encouraging team members to contribute their innovative ideas. Performance management policy forms an essential part of organizational functions.

Issues with Cadburys Workforce

Issues with Cadburys Workforce One of the most important workforces issues that Cadbury has to tackle after the Krafts takeover will be the psychological contract and the employee engagement, thus, the fundamentals issues this paper work address are; explores some of the most important external and internal influences and business pressures that Cadbury is facing now, recommending the most appropriate strategic responses and describing some of the key Human Resource issues that the company have to bear in mind during the whole process of this transition. Secondly, this essay does a depth analyses of how Cadbury should tackle their psychological contracts issues, through a fully understanding of the workforces expectations and beliefs towards the Cadburys new employer, generally these expectations are out of the formal or legal contract, which means they are unwritten and unspoken but they still play an important role during this takeover. In addition to the psychological contract, this essay also explores another important issue in this takeover which is the employee engagement, this engagement generally is something given by the employees to the company which shows their commitment, effort and dedication, using the best of their capabilities to achieve the companys goals, therefore, this paper studies how Cadbury should make an appropriate adoption of the employee engagement concept bringing a tremendous vantage for the company. 216 words STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK Business Pressure Cadburys company was built nearly two hundred years ago in Birmiham Great Britain, where during whole these years the company has stood up of the crowd for its chocolates quality and has even been awarded for the British Queen in February 1984 (Cadbury 1) Cadbury has also launched some chocolates which have became in a totally British iconic, chocolates bars such as wispa, which was first launched in 1981 and the creams eggs which sell around two hundred million units every year in the UK, and the Dairy Milk which was first launched in June 1905 and has become a mega well-known brand in many different varieties around the world (Cadbury 2), All these products and much more, have made that Cadbury become nowadays the second most engaging brand in the UK, according to a study made by the agency Hall Partners (2010), this study measures how the British people are engaged with brands and analyse how do they feel and think about it. The study reveals that Cadbury is a UK proud brand that British people love; as during whole these years, Cadbury has built a strong relationship with its customers and products in a consciously and unconsciously way. http://www.netimperative.com/news/2010/february/cadbury2019s-and-google-top-uk2019s-10-most/view Hence, taking into the account all these historic facts of Cadbury, it seem obvious that after the announce of Krafts takeover, a huge business pressure had grown all over UK regarding to continuation of the workforces inheritance , the maintaining of their manufactories in UK and the loss of jobs seems to be the most complicated business pressure. As a complement, after the acquisition of Cadbury in  £11.9 billion, Kraft is on  £7 billion debt, and to be able to solve this issue Kraft has created a saving plan of  £450 million a year (The Guarding 3) to pay off all its debts to the Royal Bank of Scotland, which ironically is 84% owned by the UK Government, which means that the UK government has borrowed the money to sell out one of the most engaging British companies. http://www.cadbury.co.uk/cadburyandchocolate/ourstory/Pages/ourstoryFlash.aspx#/1941_1980/product/1971_creme_egg (2) http://www.cadbury.co.uk/cadburyandchocolate/ourstory/Pages/ourstoryFlash.aspx#/1820_1860/product (1) http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/mar/04/cadbury-kraft-union (3) http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8470776.stm (4) Strategic Responses Seems to be a very tough task, to set a good and appropriate strategic response, after all these enormous business pressures that surround Cadbury, hence, Kraft should start doing a deep analyses of each one of the business pressure, covering the customers and workforces expectations, to fully understand the whole context. Once exist a better understanding of the whole picture, Kraft should be more likely to face these business pressures in a more efficiently and appropriate manner, setting up the best possible strategic responses to tackle the whole problem. However, bearing in mind that my understanding of the whole picture will never be as deeper as the one Kraft could achieve inside their world, my best possible strategic responses should be keeping their pledges, showing the commitment and interest of Cadburys new owners to the workforce, doing the best of their capabilities to keep the social and ethical values, analysing the business strategic and vision of the company. On the other hand, UK Government should do everything they can, to ensure the jobs are kept in UK after the Krafts new acquisition, however the Cadburys Chairman has admitted that jobs loss are unavoidable as a consequence of the big acquisitions price of  £11.9 billion (The Indepent 2010 5), but as strategic response to this issue, Kraft should make a further investment in better technology machines to increase the productivity and reduce their overhead costs more efficiently without the need to make jobs redundant. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/takeover-will-mean-job-cuts-says-boss-of-cadbury-1873155.html (5) HRM Factors; possible impacts There are many numbers of possible HR impacts in this unexpected and unwelcome Krafts takeover, the first of them, is one of the most common HR impacts which takes place in most of the takeovers, these are the workforces strikes, which are already happening in Cadbury, the employees are desperately seeking for a plan or a law from the UK government which secure their jobs and give them work stability. Secondly but not less important, as consequence of this unwelcome takeover, Cadburys workforce might change its attitude and loyalty towards the company, creating a stressful and uncomfortable workplace environment for everybody, leaving as a result, a depth impact in the productivity of the company. Additionally to the job instability, lack of support from the companys new owner and stressful environment, all these issues could make that the best workforces men remaining in the company, decide to jump out of the ship before the company decides to throw them out. Lastly, the workforces future expectations, beliefs and principles might also change towards the company, meaning a partial or total loss of the engagement from the employees which could easily lead a collective decrease in the productivity. HRM Strategic to tackle As HR strategic, one of the first issues to tackle should be to build a much healthier workplace environment to the wellbeing and productivity of all the company, however to be able to solve this issue the strategic should starts improving the lack of communication between all the workforce, making ice-breaking session involving all manager and plant workers. On the other hand, the HR strategic, should also look at the terms and conditions of the workforces formal contracts, giving additional benefits, securing their jobs stability to all the workforce or at least the best workers and lastly making periodically reviews of their salaries and their current position in the company, all these incentives are with the aim of create a better perception of their psychological contract and get back the employees engagement. As a complement and improvement of the psychological contract perception, the company should also invest in their employees, giving them special training and special support wherever needed, earning also some of the trust which has been lost during this whole process. In support of the business pressures, strategic responses and HRM factors mentions above, the table below shows a strategic framework as develop by Sparrow and Pettigrew to complement the main points which have just been described, this framework shows some of the external influences issues and business pressures that Cadbury is currently facing after Krafts takeover, highlighting the most strategic responses and the HRM factors to my point of view. Business Pressure Strategic Responses HRM Factors Cadbury Now UK Prime Minister has done nothing to secure the Cadburys jobs Takeover will lead to a collective jobs redundant and losses at Cadbury as part of the annual cost saving plan of  £450 millions Public and government concerns about maintaining social, ethical values, and inheritance of Cadbury Customers value and expectations towards Cadburys product may change specially within UK Lack of trust between Cadburys new owners and Cadburys employees A massive disappointed from the UK citizens regarding to the money that RSB bank has lent to Kraft to takeover Cadbury Agreement between Cadbury and UK Government to maintain the Cadburys workforce Better technology machines should be used to increase the productivity and reduce the costs efficiently Show the commitment and interest of Cadburys new owners to the workforce, doing the best of their capabilities to keep the social and ethical values, analysing the business strategic and vision of the company. Keeping promises up to the workforce and showing them that the company really cares and worries for its employees POSSIBLE IMPACTS Possible strike from Cadburys workforce Insufficient support from the Company to the workforce, deteriorating the communications Hidden pressure that managers are not aware of The workforces attitude towards their work activities may change, leaving an impact on the company productivity Stressful work environment Employees concerns about jumping ship and their future career within the Cadbury Cadbury in the Future The UK Government cannot do legally anything to stop the massive fires; they were only concern about their votes There are not hopes that anything will change for the better as result of the takeover The takeover brings a deeper financial crisis for UK Government concern about lack of investment from Cadbury Kraft in UK The maintaining of the Cadbury manufactories in UK The inheritance of Cadbury have come to the end Make an aggressive marketing camping to show everybody the benefits, the takeover has brought To expand the manufacturing production along UK, Create a strategic plan to help sustain the inheritance of Cadburys workforce families HRM STRATEGIC TO TACKLE Restructure the workface of the company Create a healthy workplace environment for the employees wellbeing and productivity of the company Retain the best employees of the Company ensuring them long-terms stability Maintain terms in staff legal contracts (e.g. pension schemes) Revise recruitment policies (to retain existing staff + attract new talents from outside) Introduce training + long-term benefits for commitment of existing staff Conduct ice-breaking sessions for new managers and employees to build positive relationships 1470 words Management of the Psychological Contract and Employee Engagement The management of the psychological contract and employee engagement is one of the areas how Cadbury could tackle its challenges in strategic people management; however to be able to tackle it appropriately, first is essential some degree of understanding of what a psychological contract and what employee engagement is. Psychological Contract There are many different definitions of what the psychological contract is; this concept was first introduce by Argyris, C. (1960), to refer to the different expectations that the employers and the employees have out of the formal contract, since this concept was introduced, many writers have attempted to modify and refine it. At a general level, the concept of Psychological Contract refers to a voluntary agreement between the employee and the employer in exchange of compensations (Rousseau, D. Schalk, R. 2000), in this voluntary agreement, each party, held a number of commitments and beliefs, those beliefs can take the form of promises, expectations or obligations which are generally unwritten and unspoken in the legal agreement contract, however they still play a critical role as they can be interpreted differently by each party (Osborn Jones 2000). This concept of psychological contract implies that either the employee or the employer can have a different perception of anothers expectations, voluntary commitments, obligations and aspirations which are out of the formal contract of employment (Herriot, P. et al. 1997). Therefore, a certain degree of mutual understanding of the agreement between both parties is essential to achieve each participants goals. (Rousseau, D. Schalk, R. 2000), Employee Engagement This seems to be an easy topic to define and describe, however after some research, the huge numbers of definitions regarding this issue seem to be uncountable, making this topic unclear but at the same time attractive enough to the HR consultancy market, consulting firms, business press and some academics writers. Having said that, one of the most complete definitions I found about employee engagement out there to my point of view is the one by Robinson et al., (2004). A positive attitude held by the employee towards the organization and its values. An engaged employee is aware of business context and works with colleagues to improve performance within the job for the benefit of the organisation. The organisation must work to develop and nurture engagement which requires a two-way relationship between employer and employee. Robinson et al., (2004) has also stated in his work, a set of additional characteristics of the employee engagement, which include a belief in the organisation, and the desire of the employees have to work and make the organisation better, basically the concept Robinson presented in his paper work is about the employees having a bigger picture and a better understanding of the business context as well as keeping up to date with the latest information which concern to his/her field. Relation between the Psychological Contract and the Employee Engagement Having defined the employee engagement as; a positive attitude, behaviour and/or outcome from the employees towards the company and its values, being aware of the whole business context and working together with the colleagues in order improve the performance of the company and gain the best benefits for the organization, and having defined psychological contract as; a set of beliefs which can take the forms of promises, expectations and/or obligations existing in a voluntary agreement between the employee and the employer. It seems to be a straightforward relationship each other definitions. Both definitions are relate to the employer and employee relationship, and the first challenge is to efficiently manage the loyalty and trust instead of dictate the rules by organizations, this relationship is fragile and should not be taken for granted by any of the parties, the second challenge is to keep a healthy relationship for the wellbeing of both participants. http://www.hrmagazine.co.uk/news/features/Opinion/927664/Engagement-depends-clear-psychological-contract-employee-employer/ On one side, the employer expects that their employees always performance to the best of their capabilities, being loyal to the company and understand the whole business context, and on the other hand the employees want to be respected, valued, heard and compensated by the employers, therefore the key issue is to build mutual trust which engage the employees with the employers, always keeping an eye on the psychological contract, which means, keeping clear and understandable expectations for both participants (Wellin, M. 2007) However, Cadbury Previous Psychological Contract Having already analysed the general psychological contracts context, is much easier now to deepen in the previous Cadburys psychological contract, but bearing in mind this contract is a pure metaphoric action, where each participants have their own voluntary commitments regarding to the performance and fulfilment of each other, we can infer that each one of the 45000 UK Cadburys workforce have a different psychological contract, which make this an even bigger scenario to analyse but at the same time a extremely attractive, as based on the records, (reference) it shows that most of UK workforce had a similar metaphoric contract. Thus, is unavoidable raise a fundamental question; How Cadbury former owners made that all the forces underlying the legal agreement of their workforce where so similar to each other and how did they manage to sign 45000 similar psychological contracts where does not even exist a physical document as it is a subjective phenomenon? There are evidences (Morrinson, E. and Robinson, S. 1997) which indicate that the performance of each participants psychological contract is directly proportional to how clearly each participant has spelled out the conditions and exchange of their mutual agreement. This last paragraph makes me conclude that, Cadbury has truly understood this issue and has conveyed its commitments, beliefs, and expectations through their whole workforce, establishing in this way some degree of mutual agreement among its 45000 UK employees. Rousseau, D. Schalk R. (2000) indicated in his work that, when both participants of the psychological contract believe that they owed each other something, is very likely that each one gets whatever they desire. The power of the promises Cadbury seems to have conveyed well its expectations and beliefs, establishing a degree of mutual agreement. However, this might not be enough to unify the similar conditions of the psychological contracts in 45000 employees during 180 years. Is remarkable to note at this point, that all sort of beliefs cannot be taken as part of a psychological contract, what this means is, not all expectations, promises and obligations that arise in the workplace can form part of the psychological contract context, as if this happen the concept itself will be weak enough to utilize as an analytical tool (Convoy and Briner 2005), The challenge here is to identify and clarify, which promises, expectations, and/or obligations can be categorized as part of the psychological contract context, nevertheless, does not exist any concern for this essay to deepen in this subject. Having clarified that, psychological contracts are basically a subjective phenomenon based on implicit promises; promises which do not include any belief derive from other inferences. Despite to what we normally think that promises can only be a verbal action, in the psychological context the promises can also be inferred, and is right there, when it becomes difficult to properly interpret these promises into the psychological contract framework. The two key issues here are; primary, do not set promises in the legal contract which could lead to a future misunderstanding of the employees, second do not take into consideration promises derives from any inferences. Tackling the Challenges of the Psychological Contract Having spelled out the success of Cadburys previous psychological contract, is notorious that Kraft / Cadbury has the key issue to maintain the same psychological contract within the UK workforce in order to manage this takeover in the most appropriate way. Kraft will not enjoy of the current Cadburys workforce commitments until they truly understand its ingrain psychological contract as well as its own culture identity Therefore Kraft / Cadbury, in order to tackle the challenges of the psychological contract in the most effective way, they should firstly, fully understand the drivers of their beliefs and what make the employees engage with the company so tightly, taking into consideration the culture differences. As the saying goes, England and America are two different countries separated by the same language; this is a clear caveat to Kraft / Cadbury does not forget that exist some underlying forces of the legal contract, which could leads or infer to a misunderstanding of the beliefs between both participants and as consequence a disengagement of the workforces commitments. For instance, Kraft / Cadbury could hire an external local brand auditor to investigate the reason(s) of key employees engagement, such as plant employees and/or relevant senior employees with the company and/or the brand itself, this audit should be placed with the aim of understand the whole picture in a much clear scenario, before any action takes place to align the companys psychological contract Once these employee engagements reason(s) are clear and there are not doubts of the workforces beliefs, it is equally essential that Kraft/Cadbury spells out their own expectations towards the future of the company and most importantly, the future of their workforce, this action should be made in the most understandable way, covering the entire negatives and positives beliefs so that the workforce can clearly understand the companys position and deal with it in the same psychological contract context. However, this action of conveying the negatives and positives beliefs towards the company and workforce, does not guaranty that the workforce will accept them and share the same commitments that they were sharing before the merger, but at least it will not create wrong expectations, setting up fair rules during the game. Actions such as the recent announcement of the closing Somerdales factory close to Bristol, (http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/consumer_goods/article7022608.ece) losing approximately 400 UK jobs, once Kraft had mentioned that there were not going to be any job cuts during the first six months of the merger, this announcement only creates unrealistic expectations among the workforce towards the company, and being this action the first impression which Kraft has given to their employees of breaking the pledges, it only shows the lack of principles and lack of commitments to keep what they say. These types of actions are the ones which Kraft has to avoid will happen again, after this announcement; it seems to be obvious that the way how Kraft expresses its beliefs and commitments, certainly has not been well understood not only for its workforce but also for all its UK customers and the UK government. Therefore, if Kraft really wants to be engage with their workforce is going to have to work even harder to firstly recover the trust which ever had gained and secondly to rectify the first opportunity which has just spoiled out. CONCLUSIONS